The claim: "There are earthquakes, disease, oppression. A good and powerful God would not allow these; so either He doesn't exist, or He is not good/powerful."
The Qur'an's frame
The Qur'an positions pain not as meaningless but as a ground of test and freedom:
- He created death and life "to test which of you is best in deeds." (67:2)
- "We will surely test you with fear, hunger, loss of wealth and lives; give glad tidings to the patient." (2:155)
- "We created the human amid hardship (resilient)." (90:4)
- Some evil is from the human's own choice: "Whatever ill befalls you is from yourself." (4:79)
An honest limit
This frame (test + free will + justice in the hereafter) does not "solve" the problem of evil philosophically; theodicy has been and remains a hard problem. What the Qur'an offers is a frame that gives pain meaning and defers ultimate justice to the hereafter. Whether one finds that sufficient is a personal / philosophical evaluation; we do not claim "proof," we lay out the Qur'an's answer as it is.
Source: Qur'anic verses (M. Okuyan meal). Presented soberly and respectfully, with a text/interpretation distinction.